Hong Kong's Destiny
(from Chineese, unedited)
[ Hong Kong's destiny ] entire book altogether million characters, the content is Mr. Xiao Jeyuan passes for dozens of years related history to Hong Kong, the culture, the philosophy, the economy, politics and so on all sorts of important matters intravenous drip mood... ...
Second civilization
In previous, I narrated the Chinese all previous dynasties prosperity and decline two big basic reasons: Bottleneck crisis and land annexation. This, I will use the macroscopic judgement, from the civilized rise and fall angle, will look at the large-scale humanity society group rise and fall the principle.
A month ago, I participated in the Chinese history seminar which conducts by the middle school teacher, the goal am opposed the Hong Kong special zone government planned abolishes the history, but and other subject merges. I had discovered a question, present Chinese history textbook, content too sad, everybody knew, I am thick to the Chinese history interest, but reads any present the center history textbook, simply cannot finish reading. The Chinese history originally is an extremely interesting subject, writes the so this interesting topic stuffy egg, the compiler really cans hardly absolve.
Moreover, center the history textbook content also by far falls behind the time. Like has nest, the subterranean person, Fu Hsi, Shen Nongshi, is only a fable, but the non- history, actually prints in the historical book, but the archaeology excavates the material, actually puts to is lacking. I on hand take a pound newly to arrange, the age am recording the publishing house publication "Newly organized Center National history. First Volume", the 17th page has such:
In mine school days, the situation on present is not better than how many. According to at that time center history textbook, the Chinese is Peking man's evolution. Actually, the Peking man is 40 ten thousand year ago 原始人, is "stands erect the person" (homo erectus) a branch. But in 50 ten thousand years ago, humanity's ancestor "the wisdom person" (homo sapiens) already from "stood erect the person" the branch, therefore we 絕 to were not Peking man's later ages. (Note one)
My school days are Hong Kong British government rule, do not take the Chinese history education, are may understand, because of a nationality's national characteristic, are the foundation to its history, Hong Kong British government has not naturally preserved the Chinese nation the duty. But the present Hong Kong returned the motherland, the special zone government not only has published the errors and omissions full of center history textbook, but also planned in the cancellation the history took the independent subject, really was the number standard forgets the ancestor.
The human civilization truly emerges, is in ten thousand years ago, after the ice age just ended. Before this, the humanity depends on hunting/gathering for to live, but in ice age front and rear, large-scale mammalia animal for example mammoth, machairdus, dinornis..... Extinguishes one after another 絕, but hunt and kill the middle and small scale animal both not to be easy, obtained arrives meat quantity and few, caused the hunting to turn the cost to be high, the benefit low commercial motion, at that time Asia and Africa area weather, and further because the environment transformation changed the drought, this has created the significant crisis to then people.
English history master Tang Enpi (Arnold Toynbee) "Historical Research" (A Study of History) writes like this in his work:
Above is Tang Enpi famous "the challenge and the response" the theory: Cannot effectively respond the objective environment the challenge nationality, only has extinguishes 絕. But in paleolithic period Asia and Africa area, nearly simultaneously has risen many civilizations, the Asia and Africa area drought is precisely an item "the challenge", but the civilized birth, is precisely to this "the challenge" "response".
The human civilization starts along with the agricultural appearance, because the agriculture has represented the large-scale society, protected the farming the crop ---- otherwise the crops to be able to snatch in front of the crop by the person the light ---- but the large-scale society to represent the division of labor, the division of labor enhanced the productive forces, caused part of people to obtain -odd free time, had -odd free time, then gradually developed the culture.
Humanity's first civilization, is precisely stems from is called "the fertile month is curved" (Fertile Crescent) two rivers basins. Two rivers, are the Tigris River (River Tigris) and young send pull the bottom river (River Euphrates), between two rivers fertile, is together "the fertile month is curved", in today Iraq and in Iran's border, 1991 Persian Gulf war, US's fighter plane has also destroyed many priceless historical site.
Before I always deeply believe to Tang Enpi view without doubt. Until recently, I looked at 戴蒙 (Jared Diamond) "Gun Artillery, Germ And Steel and iron" (Guns, Germs, and Steels:The Fates of Human Societies), regarding the human civilization in other place, "is not curved in the fertile month" rises, also had the new experience.
In in 8500, "the fertile month was probably curved" starts the agriculture to plough, this was develops the civilization first step. "Fertile month curved" land no doubt very fertile, but in world fertile place very many, US'S California, Australia's north west, the European north west, South Africa's Cape of Good Hope area, the paddies very are all lush, but actually very much for late only then develops the agriculture to plough the culture, Australia has not developed, wants the Caucasian to go to the immigration, only then brings the civilization. Tang Enpi gives credit to "the fertile month is curved" people's creation, 戴蒙 thought is the species different reason.
The development agriculture essential condition, is the crops which must have domesticates. The wild plant can eat originally are not many, must want to take the crops, must have the planter time to be short, harvest fruit many these merits. The people must first discover the gene mutation wild plant, bought the planter, can develop the agriculture.
Must domesticate the plant, extremely is not easy, dependence "reversion heredity". The humanity likes the plant which eats, very are many is in the natural genetics loser: The non-nuclear watermelon is cannot raise the later ages "the court eunuch". Paddy rice's pellet too big, then can fall into in the water rotten, but the humanity must plant the big pellet the paddy rice, only then has the economic efficiency, therefore, in big pellet paddy rice mature front, then uses the sickle "to shear it the standing grain to be blue", then does not have the corrupt risk of.
The gingko originally is the virulent seed. The non-toxic gingko is very easy to be passive eats the light, is the evolution loser. But the humanity intentionally plants the non-toxic gingko, supplies oneself edible, this should a western proverb: "劣幣 pursues the good coin." (Note two)
Because human massive planters gene not good "abnormal variety", further causes the variety to be separated from the original evolution path, for example Mi Homai pellet is cultivated more and more in a big way, because the economy is the highest principle which the plant domesticates.
On the Earth 20 ten thousand kind of wild plants, only some several thousand kinds may eat, may domesticate then have to several dozens kinds, perhaps but the world crops annual output all is comes from more than ten kind of plants, most universal barley and the wheat, is born from "the fertile month is curved".
"The fertile month curved" may supply plant's proportion which domesticates therefore is so high, the reason has four:
First, "the fertile month is curved" is the similar fertile soil area biggest, also meant has most different types the plant.
Second, "fertile month curved" climate changeable, each season, each year difference very are all big, this greatly has the help to plant's evolution, especially is helpful to a year fresh plant. Too is short as a result of a year fresh plant life cycle, therefore cannot the resources waste in on the multi- textile fibers trunk and branches, but produces 絕 the majority of nutritions the biggest seed. The human Chang Ch'ih grain and the legumes, all are the seed especially big plant, but plant's trunk and branches, then cannot edible.
Third, "fertile month curved" the terrain is changeable, from the surface lowest dead sea, to Teheran nearby the elevation 5,486 kilometers mountains, the different terrain has also accomplished the more different types plant.
Fourth, "the fertile month curved" the monoecism 自花傳粉 proportion is very high. If is not 自花傳粉, the untold hardships cultivate the variety, can with the wild plant pollen 混種, the next generation innate nature not be able to guarantee, thus front the merit abandons.
"The fertile month is curved" eight kind of crops which the first batch domesticates, all is 自花傳粉, including the wild species wheat, the macaroni wheat and the wheat."The fertile month is curved" besides luckily has many may supply to tame the edible plant, but also luckily has the large-scale mammalia animal which most may supply to tame.
Domesticates the animal to domesticate the plant to see is much more difficult than. The animal may train into the pet, actually with difficulty domesticates: After the training lion, may perform in the circus troupe, the ancient times Carthage person the elephant training, was allowed to take the war "the tank", the Mongolian raised the falcon, helped to go hunting..... But these animals, certainly cannot massively reproduce, because these by the training are the animal, each generation all must pass through retrains, the manpower cost is extremely high. But truly domesticates the animal, it domesticates the individuality may penetrate the heredity to inherit, now at last conforms with the economic efficiency.
Eugenics laying a foundation reaches you (Francis Galton 1822-1911) to say: "Each kind of wild animal all possibly turns the domestic animal, but can domesticate very few. Mostly on the difference 1., finally or has that been defeated, is doomed forever barbarically. This is precisely the landscape is easy to change, 本性難移." .
Domesticates the animal must conform to the cost benefit, the massive reproductions only then has the value. The below six conditions are the prerequisite factor:
1. Diet: The carnivore transforms the energy from the food chain the efficiency to be very low. Ten thousand kilograms corn, but is long a first metric ton herbivore; Ten thousand kilograms herbivores' meats, but is long a first metric ton carnivorous animal. In other words, a metric ton carnivorous animal, the cost needs ten ten thousand kilograms grain, is herbivore's ten times. The large-scale domestic animal either grazes, likes the cow, the picture sheep, either omnivorous, likes the pig, the picture chicken, the carnivorous animal cost benefit then too has lowered, 更不用說 the tailless bear, panda these sharp-tongued animals, raised them to be possible too to be luxurious.
2. Growth speed: The domestic animal is much longer, only then is worth raising. Gorilla and elephant although are a vegetarian, also not 挑嘴, on body meat many, but becomes long-term for 15 years, returns to this issue too slowly, also is "the discount rate" (discount rate) too high under, compares, chicken's meat although are few, but becomes for a long time so long as half year, the cost benefit then were much higher. But the people may not mind from goes hunting obtains carnivorous animal's meat, because "the game" the inborn day raises, does not need to raise the cost. Today the South China Peninsula people catch the wild elephant to work, because grasps the elephant comparison tames saves the cost.
3. Reproduction difficulty: Many animals and the humanity are same, does not like under 眾目睽睽 carrying on the sex act. The cheetah is on the land runs the quickest animal, the ancient Egyptian, Asia state the person and the Indians all likes the domestic cheetah, the helper which the achievement goes hunting, India has a Mongolian 兀 emperor especially to infatuated, even has raised over a thousand cheetahs. But their all cheetahs all are from wildly grasp tame. Although the nobility race concentrated the massive painstaking care, all cannot make these cheetahs to reproduce under the artificial environment, because the cheetah seeks a mate the process, is many male leopards pursues one by one a female, dashes on severalth, the female leopard must in the such boorish pursue process, only then be willing as if to be in heat, this had guaranteed runs quickly, the endurance most lasting cheetah, can obtain the copulation power, can preserve down its gene. In 獸欄 center, the cheetah resists 絕 the performance such complex pursue 戲碼, this causes to domesticate the cheetah to become is impossible, until in 1960, the biologist made first in the zoo birth cheetah, but still could not massively reproduce to at present.
4. 凶殘 becomes second nature: So long as the strength compared to the human big animal, can kill people. Pig, horse, cow, camel natural disposition 馴良, although nevertheless has had a murder document, but is in the exception exception. However, some large-scale animals 凶殘 became second nature, arrive have not had the situation which the medicine might rescue, has not tamed to the reliable degree example. The big ash bear, the African water buffalo, the hippopotamus all are a delicious group pork, but must then butcher in the childhood them, likes the Japanese Hokkaido 蝦夷 the person, after intelligently when the small ash bear turns a year old, slaughters supplies 祭典, if when they grow, must massacre by this fearful colossus may. After zebra grown-up, changes extremely dangerously, nipped the person not to be willing the loose mouth, they the injury which created in US'S zoo, the quantity also are more than every year the tiger! The zebra is impossible to the noose to belay, even if is the cowboy competes the champion, also will be unable 套索 the circle on their, they always first one, have hidden the grommet which will fly, will have to carry on the back the saddle set in the zebra rides rides, will be more impossible. South Africa for many years full of enthusiasm has done innumerably time has domesticated the zebra the experiment, the result all is the defeat receives easily.
5. Easy panic: The animal respectively has the difference regarding the dangerous response. "The fertile month is curved" the object which the local first attempt domesticates, should be 瞪 the antelope. 瞪 the antelope as soon as jumps may reach nine meter high, runs the speed may amount to each hour 80 kilometers; But is very easy to be startled, once closes 獸欄, if not for scares to death, is when hurriedly flees, hits 獸欄, the severe wound dies. To the contrary, the sheep and the goat responded slow, the nerve is thick, when faced with threat, stands in freezes, some large quantities of similar stations in neighbor, die not necessarily are oneself in any case.
6. Society group structure: Only has the social animal, for example the sheep and the horse, Fang Neng tolerates everybody to crowd in the same place, each other in the side life, only then may encircle enters the stockade to raise. Moreover, their gene instinct understood follows the leader, when not domesticates, also obeys the similar center social class highest leaders. After domesticates, then regards as the humanity the leader, is very easy to accept the herdsman or the herd dog's direction, only has such social animal, can by the extremely low cost, the way which to the quantity produces large quantities of raise.
And continues is the large-scale mammal only then has the possibility is the social biology, other types biology, for example the ant, its sociality even compares the humanity to come, also has no time to let.
Very many people misunderstand the ant and the termite are the identical kind of insects, actually otherwise. The termite is the isoptera insect, the similar cockroach's remote ancestor, the ant is 膜翅目 the biology, with the honeybee, the strip bee, the crabro, the ant bee, 蛛 the bee, 土蜂, 胡蜂, the thin bee has the identical ancestor.
The ant is one extremely successful living thing, the total quantity reaches as high as ten thousand trillions (10,000,000,000,000,000), the humanity has 60 hundred million people, two gross weights are similar, but all ants shop in the same place, sufficiently covers covers the entire Earth.
The ant not only has the sociality, but also understands raising livestock. They provide the protection to the ophid, and collects ophid's egg in own anthill □, after the ophid depends on the plant which slurps to wither, the ant can bring the ophid to another clump of plant. Ant "repayment", then is slurps the delightful juice which the ophid anus drops out, likes the dependent country. But the colored glaze ant not only raises livestock, or nomads. They raise the powder 蚧 to maintain livelihood, because the powder 蚧 likes the juice being rich newly sprouts the branches and leaves, therefore the colored glaze ant also must often move, "occupies by the water plant".
The ant also has the farmer. The leaf-cutter gathering fresh leaf, raises the fungus, likes the mushroom, 覃 group and so on, a little thing which mildewy long comes out like the bread, but they have a division of labor and cooperation the production line even to have the soldier ant which the matter does not produce, specially is responsible to fight, these soldier ants' bodies on worker ant are bigger than 300 times, the person for nip, also must bleed.
The ant even understood robs the slave. Like the red fierce mountain ant, did not understand digs the ant's nest, did not understand raises ability which the young insect, does not have voluntarily to look for food. But they are the first-class soldier, specially pounds into Shan I's nest, kills the defense armed force, kills any resistance the worker ant, snatches the cocoon, the cocoon, then rapidly retreats, goes home the spoils of war belt, hands over looks after by the grown-up slave ant. 夠 絕?
Thus it can be seen, raises the behavior which the biological humanity is in sole possession of by no means. In fact, the humanity to raises the animal the interest to be enormous, nearly attempts to domesticate each kind of animal, majority is defeated comes to an end.
The humanity most early domesticates the animal, is the dog, the humanity raises the dog, had surpasses a ten thousand years history. Dog's ancestor is the lang wolf, the leopard and the wolf is same, with belongs to the dog branch. The dog branch animal all is the social animal, likes the wolf, the entire race wolf group all "the male leader" (alpha male) and "the female leader" (alpha female) commands by a male mother, and is responsible by them to give birth, its social system has like humanity's chiefs to make.
The dog both is loyal to the humanity, and may assist to go hunting, reconnoiters and fights all is the good helper, eats then is only the remnant meat which the master eats remains, no wonder becomes the human first animal partner.
Until now, human only 馴良 14 kind of large-scale herbivores. The most popular five draft animalses are:
Goat, sheep, pig, cow, horse, but other nine kinds are: The Arabic camel (單峰駝), 雙峰駝, the llama and 羊駝 (stems from identical ancestor "to be wild 羊駝" -Guanaco), the donkey, the caribou, the water buffalo, 氂 the cow, the Bary cow, the Southeast Asia reactionary.
These 14 kind of large-scale herbivores, start in from 8000 to 2,500 midday to domesticate, first is the sheep, the goat, the pig, finally is the camel. But after 2500, the humanity already found the large-scale animal which was allowed to domesticate. In this stage, the humanity still in did not stop the attempt to domesticate each living thing, even in science developed 20th century also however, but from has not succeeded, obviously domesticated needs the large-scale animal which the condition severe, had to pursue may supply to domesticate to be difficult. But, the newest science and technology may rely on the transformation gene to domesticate the animal, but this already was the second story.
The humanity in about 3000 ago, was in 1500, started to domesticate the cat, but was not certainly successful. Although passed through 3500 domestication, but raises cat's people all to know that, The cat such does not obey like the dog, sometimes even can catch the wound master. Luckily the humanity domesticates the cat the goal by no means for the economic, has acted in a reprehensible manner edible or the transportation, but treats as the pet.
The humanity also has domesticated the chicken, the rabbit and so on small animal afterwards. Tao Yuanming "Turns over to Vegetable garden To occupy" the word: "The chicken calls the mulberry tree summit", might know then chicken is can fly, today chicken cannot fly, its variety had differently with the Wei Jin time chicken. Cannot fly the chicken natural ratio can fly the rushing current □. Easier to raise, not that is at least easy to fly away. The white rabbit is the variety which is later, the Song Dynasty profound scholar Sima light writes when "Capital Governs Passes 鑑" records the Tang Dynasty history, but also has "the white rabbit present" the sentence, might know at that time white rabbit's appearance, was still rare is worth in the history book record.
First states five draft animalses, besides the horse, "are all curved in the fertile month" first tame. Compares the Americas and Australia, the Eurasia is the area biggest mainland, therefore species also richest, but "the fertile month curved" is located the Eurasia the center east, is easier, western all animals swallows anything and everything uncritically. This □therefore becomes domesticates the zoology and botany the center, by no means accidental matter.
The domestic animal besides can swallow the belly, but also can help the cultivation and the transportation. Therefore, "the fertile month is curved" the inhabitant depends on has domesticated the zoology and botany, then can obtain the human most basic economical need: Carbohydrate, protein, fat, transportation and clothes. So-called "the food and clothing foot after that knows the honor or disgrace", "the fertile month is curved" the inhabitant by reason of the rich material life, develops the high spiritual civilization, becomes in the human history the first civilized country: "Soviet Union and American civilization" (Sumerian).(Notethree) has not domesticated the large-scale animal, the civilization is very difficult to develop. The opposite example is a South America, only some one kind may domesticate the big shape animal, is the hunchbacked horse, therefore, the South America civilization develops extremely late. Unfortunately Australia, one kind suitablly domesticates the large-scale animal all does not have, therefore Australia indigenous is detained for a long time in the hunting/gathering stage.
After Soviet Union and American civilization, in the history has appeared the innumerable civilizations, Tang Enpi its induction is one after another 21 kinds:
In these 21 kind of civilizations, 米諾, Soviet Union and America, Greece too, An Ti, Mexico, You K'at'an, Masurium Ya, Babylon, these nine kinds already perished, but today Syria, India, Greece, Egypt, almost all did not have the relations with the ancient times these four kind of civilizations, the ancient times Syria, India, Greece, Egypt, these four civilizations might be survive in name only.
Therefore, truly to today still could 夠 the existence, only have western Christianity, Eastern Orthodoxy, Iran, Arab, China, India, the far east, very few several kind of civilizations. These west people looked like in Tang Enpi that, Iran and Iraq may induce the Islam civilization, looked like in the Chinese, Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy are mostly the same except for minor differences, but the China civilization and has included China and the date, Han's far east civilization, also does not have the big distinction, therefore strictly said, the world only has now been left over Christianity, the Islam, Indian, the far east four big civilizations.
The civilization is and the creativity cannot separate. A place can 夠 develop the civilization, admires it little partial members' creativity, but the creativity and the people's thought multiplication is cannot separate.
Tang Enpi is writes like this in "Historical Research":
National creativity consumption, meaning its civilization trend dead end. When the lucky friend talks about the Roman Empire declining, thinks "the church and race's victory" (triumph Of the Church and barbarian). The Roman Empire after the Constantine big emperor's rule, Christianity as soon as alone teaches to be big, the church unified the Roman Empire □(□ People's thought, but unified the thought to suffocate the Roman people's creativity. Is insufferably arrogant the Roman Empire, also along with the A.D. five centuries initial period, many times is invaded by the Germanic race the looting, but dies in bed of old age. But after the entire piece Europe by a Christianity culture series, passes through approached 1000 the dark ages, until 14 centuries to 16, seven centuries Renaissance, the European rehad discovered the Greek culture, the science and esthetics only then had the unprecedented development, has established today west civilization.
In China, the situation also is almost. The Chinese creativity most abundant time, is the Spring and Autumn Period Warring States time. "The Zhuang-zi. World" said that, The alls of the various schools of thought no longer understood sage's truth, 世間 the thought already split, no longer had the consistent idea. (Note four)
But, the Chinese culture center, the most essence part, including the Confucian, said two thought, as well as to the history zeal, all are the time formings which splits in this section of thought. But when Martial emperor of Han dynasty rejects hundred, after alone reveres the Confucianist method, the entire Chinese nation's energy, all wastes above the Confucian classics which several assigns. I refers the four books and five classics not to have by no means the value, but is should not all put all mental abilities resources the research which ---- tosses about above them tosses about studies, then 喪失殆盡ours creativity. In after, the five hu's, the Qidan people, the Nuzhen person, the Mongolian, the Manchu (namely the Nuzhen person), successively invades and rules China. This plot and Roman Empire story how is similar!
The people therefore long for universally, is because of the fear war, thought universal may stop the war. The people therefore the hope unification thought, is because is afraid ideologically confused, thought formulates the thought "the model" (paradigm), then cannot again have struggles.
Hole graciousness (Thomas Kuhn) (TheStructure Of Scienitfic Revolution) proposed"the scientific model" in "Scientific revolution Structure " the theory: Each time, all needs a set "the model" the guiding ideology. Starts since the Greek time, the people have used Ali gentleman Dude "Physics" the achievement "the model", everybody is not did not know Ali gentleman Dude's physics theory many places are very absurd, but by people's state-of-art, sufficiently explained known world all things at that time with the Ali ten Dude's theory, also why from seeks the worry, overthrows his theory?
Until 17th century, the people discovered the Ali gentleman Dude's theory could not explain many astronomies phenomena, the stock phrases Kong En terminology, the science appeared "the model crisis", just now had Newton "the gravitation" the theory, solved this "the model crisis" also simultaneously to create another newly "the model". Similar truth, to 19th century last stages, Mai Si 威爾 (James Clerk Maxwell) electromagnetic force formula and before was preciser than much telescopes to cause the Newton theory to appear "the model crisis", thereupon, Einstein while left from time to time, has published "the theory of relativity", the creation new goods come into the market set of instructions worlds "model".
Has exposed, "the model" is one kind of inertia, the people likes the universal thought, is precisely because this kind of inertia does honors.
After continues the Spring and Autumn Period Warring States "hundred school of thought contends" the time to pass, Chin Shihhuang unifies six countries, has established in the Chinese history first unified dynasty. After had "unifies the empire", Chin Shihhuang is ambitious, also attempts the unification opinion, the establishment "the unified church".
Thereupon, Chin Shihhuang issues an order, the various countries' historical book all must entirely burn down, only leaves behind the Qin country record the history, the alls of the various schools of thought books, then only has "Chinese Academy of Science academicians" (note five) only then to collect, the folk collection also entirely burns down, also must condemn the death penalty including the discussion. The people only can have books and so on medicine, divine, planter fishing. (Note six)
The Han Dynasty substitutes for Qin Ch'ao the initial period, "hundred school of thought contends" the atmosphere has replied for section of short days. To the military emperor time, just when the Chinese empire "unified the empire" the peak, meek scientist Dong Zhongshu submitted a written statement the military emperor, pointed out a thought series, the people's side had complies with, the legal system only then had the uniformity. Wu Ti thought also makes sense, then issues an order "to reject hundred, alone reveres the Confucianist method". (Note seven)
"After alone reveres the Confucianist method", the scholar only has studies "the Five Classics" (note eight), only then has the future. "Five Classics" since were considered is "assigns the textbook", annotation "Five Classics" "the supplementary text" then has numerous number, this kind "the supplementary text", the general designation is "the note". Since is "the note", then cannot surmount "the Five Classics" original text. Although scope narrow, but you have you "the note", I have me "the note", he has him "the note", or created the thought to be greatly chaotic. To the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties time, the government has finally endured this kind to be greatly chaotic, stipulated uses the Eastern Han Dynasty after scientist Zheng Hsuan "the note", the achievement assigns "the supplementary text".
The government although had stipulated uses Zheng unreliably "the note" "Five Classics", but the afterwards person wanted to explain Zheng unreliable "note" "the Five Classics", these explanations were called "are sparse". Passes along with the time, "sparse" more and more many, more and more all kinds of, you have you "sparsely", I have me "sparsely", he has him "to be sparse", also creates ideologically confused. To the Emperor Taitsung of Tang time, has finally found out the solution question means: Dispatches "the Five Classics" expert Kong Yingda, "the note" and "is sparse" "the Five Classics" the predecessor institute, completely reorganizes a time, formulates "the Five Classics Justice", and "assigns the textbook" as the imperial civil service examination test, all must take a test the scholar which obtains the academic honor, must be familiar with Kong Yingda "the Five Classics Justice" not to be possible. Then, has further squeezed the thought scope.
To the Ming Dynasty, the ruler or had thought the people's thought too many, too diverse and confused, too has been chaotic, decided squeezes the thought scope the extreme, stipulated only to Zhu Xi pours "Four Books Selected sentences 集注" (note nine) to take the only classics. Why has to assign Zhu Xi "the explanatory notes and commentaries"? This no doubt is because Zhu Xi is a generation of big knowledge, but what is more important, Zhu Xi and Ming Dynasty emperor the share is "同宗", just like Tang Dynasty's emperor venerates the father, also is because everybody with is "Li" "同宗".
Moreover, according to "the test curriculum", the examinee only energy "a generation of sage commits the ideas to paper", cannot write own thought. Because last sage Mencius has died in 2000, the examinee then does not permit the quotation nearly 2000 the story, therefore some scholars even link Sima Qian are nobody know. Non- list "curriculum content", even the company takes a test form and introduction, elucidation, transposition, and summary, also left the strict stipulation very much, is "the eight-legged essay" (note ten).
Eight-legged essay most importantly first leg of an eight-legged essay: What is the first leg of an eight-legged essay?
Had the artificial eight-legged essay to set the game topic: "The month son curved illuminates the Nine Provinces, several happy several worry". The examinee "the first leg of an eight-legged essay" the topic best answer is: "Sun persevering, life different", actually is the topic meaning, writes a time again with other writing, completely is and guesses a riddle the same word game, completely does not have the thought value to be possible to say.
In addition, the Ming Dynasty had also stipulated "non- saint being unable executes, censures the sage race". Since criticizes the first big crime which the sage is decapitates confiscates family's property, thereupon, the entire China's ideological trend, all does not dare to have any exceed axle, only can lock in the convention, turns 刻版 the pattern, people's wisdom completely is unable to display. The freedom of speech is restrained, the culture with difficulty progresses, the reason is the majority people all receives the traditional train of thought to affect □□. Innovation and revolutionary thought when start, surely is the minority sound, must pass through some section of times dissemination explanation, Fang Huiwei the populace accept. But seeks the thought opinion to be unified, is to these sounds suppressions. If these sounds are not authorized the free publication, how can obtain the populace to approve finally by the acknowledgement is the truth?
Therefore, said to the entire nationality or the civilization, the suppression freedom of speech is one chronic suicide behavior, is utmost to national and the civilized creative injury. The Chinese has invented the compass, but only can take the Luo age, for "the geomancy man" 看風水, the western person academic society makes the compass, then serves as the navigation, caused Columbus to discover the new continent, Magellan transpacific. The Chinese has invented the gunpowder, but only serves as puts the fireworks, the western person uses for to make the shell, to quarry a mountain to divide 石鑿the tunnel. The Chinese culture trod this step, compared with the western culture, became after the distant collar in front of drops by far, travelled to the east after the imperialism comes, only had hands tied waits for death.
In the Qing Dynasty government's last stage, the Confucianist thought appeared "the model crisis", everybody knew must have set of new theories, substitutes for the inherent Confucianist thought. Since in 20th century upper halves, China has appeared the Spring and Autumn Period Warring States not to have "hundred school of thought contends" the aspect, but only is appears briefly. The communist party unified politics, simultaneously has suppressed the thought, only disseminates a set newly "the communist model".
The Communist Party of China "the is unified empire" which said since Tang Enpi, also is "the unified church". The Marxism actually similar religion, all is to one kind of thought or the ideal infinite worship, the same Marxism has very many different explanations, what is most famous is Lenin and 托洛斯基 different annotation, because Lenin is the Marxism "亞聖 Mencius", therefore also must use Lenin "the note" not to be possible. Because Stalin has defeated in the political struggle 托洛斯基, the communist party then uses Stalin "to be sparse". After the communism arrived China, the Mao Zedong annotation "the Leninism" and "the Stalin principle", is again is "the Mao Zedong Thought". In order to "the Mao Zedong Thought" will strive for perfection, will be sure need to achieve simply people's thought, is most consistent, then "the Mao Zedong Thought" the simplification will be small "the precious red book" "Wool Collected sayings".
Until in 1978, after Deng Xiaoping implemented "the reform, the opening", China only then presently left a vitality.
However arrived today, the Chinese -- even is part of Hong Kong people -- still likes the universal thought. Hong Kong government affairs Director Liang Aishih, when November 14 said in the lion meeting lecture that, "Reads the old clippings, sees 84 years society and its the care question is quite consistent, the newspapers quite are also consistent, were inferior to today sometimes saw the different newspapers the report, has like two completely different matters." Such thought, the person which likes the universal thought with 2,000 for many years, also has differently what?
The legitimate outside thought is suppressed, people's thought likes "is consistent", then has lost the multiplication which Liang Aishih says, also did not have the different opinion. "The Poetry. Crane Calls" said that, "The learning from others, may be wrong." Is precisely "the truth more debates clearly", has not all flowers bloomed together, hundred school of thought contends, the thought then cannot have the progress.
So-called "hundred school of thought contends", is the people's creativity performance. Place people have lost the creativity (lost of creativity), this city then can perish. The civilization once degenerates, may obliterate the intravenous drip 無存, returns primitively. The peninsula sent micro Masurium Hsinya in Americas You K'at'an the person already to develop the writing in 1700 ago, and has had many great constructions, but arrived the A.D. for ten centuries, the Masurium elegant civilization suddenly declined, has invaded the new continent to the European the time, Masurium Yajen the continually writing also forgets cleanly. The former days Cambodian empire composed 吳哥窟 the such great construction, now in east Guangdong stronghold, Cambodian culture where ah?
I detected that, the Hong Kong person was appearing the same shape trillion.
I just summarized each big humanity society group prosperity and decline general rule, also has analyzed a Chinese generation of generation the thought frame more and more tight process. But Hong Kong is a city, but a non- country or do the dynasty, actually start and the decline like the Hong Kong such city, whether is suitable the similar general rule?
The city prosperity and decline reason crisscrossed duplicate is difficult, 箇 center has the too many interactions relations, cannot isolate discusses. I will jump out this nest for the time being 臼, from the microscopic angle, observes this topic, and borrows the scientific experiment the method, all factors will include "the control group" (control group), but will list as "the experimental group" the sole factor (experimental group), then one by one "experimental group" the factor will withdraw, 11 will perform to analyze.
Note one: "The modern wisdom person" (homo sapiens) probably in ten ten thousand years ago, "the wisdom person" the branch comes out from Africa. (mitochrondrion) makes the gene analysis from the grain of line body, humanity's common ancestors should be a female, now the scientific circles called she is "Eve".
Note two: Grey joyful knight (sir Thomas Gresham. Approximately 1529~1579) is English London imperial family stock market 創辦人, once was appointed Edward six th and the Iraqi Li sand white th overseas finance agent. He thought if a place simultaneously circulates same level value the paper money and the noble metal currency, then the people favor the collection noble metal currency, the flower uses the paper money, therefore, "劣幣 pursues the good coin" (Bad money drives out good) to be called "the grey joyful principle" (Gresham's Law). Zhang Wuchang thought "the grey joyful principle" is not certainly correct, because although the people favor to the flower use 劣幣, but receiving money actually may resist 絕 to accept, persisted gathers the good coin. In the 80's China, "the good coin" the foreign exchange certificate success pursued "劣幣" the Renminbi, everywhere all accepts the foreign exchange certificate, is not willing to accept the Renminbi, has proven Zhang Wuchang's correctness.
Note three: In the Soviet Union and American civilization and the Egyptian fable first dynasty almost is the identical time, all is apart from now approximately in 6000, Babylon, Judea, Greek, Chinese various civilizations rising, wants these two big countries with long history to be later than many years.
Note four: "Zhuang-zi. World": "The worldwide chaos, the virtuous saint is unclear, the morals one, the world are not many one, observes 焉 by the self-respect. For example the informer nose mouth, all has clearly, cannot be interlinked. Still hundred numerous techniques also, all have manager, when has uses. Although, should not the agonic, gentleman of the tune also: Sentences America of the world, analyzes principle of the myriad things, observes the ancient entire, widowed can prepare America of to the world, calls accommodating of the gods. Therefore 內聖外王 road, 闇 but hundred bright, is strongly fragrant but does not send, person of the world respectively wants for it 焉 take from as a side. Sad husband! Hundred toward but not instead, must not gather! Scholar of the later generations, unfortunately not the every day place will be pure, cardinal principle of the ancient, the Taoist skill will be the day 下裂."
Note five: Qin Tai name is "the abundant officer", the citrus reticulata works as to Taiwan's Academia Sinica academician, or is US National Academy of Science academicians, is government's academic consultants.
Note six: "Shihchi. Chin Shihhuang this discipline ": "Prime Minister Li Si Jih: "Five emperors not duplicate, three generations do not raid, each governs, non- its is opposite, when variation. Now your majesty creates the great undertaking, constructs merit of the ten thousand th, the solid non- simpleminded Confucian knows. Also more the word is three generation of matters, He Tsufa? The different time feudal lord and the struggle, the thick move studies away from home. Under today has decided, the law leaves one, the common people manage a household then the strength farm worker, the gentleman studies the law to ward off endures. Now students Shi Chiner does not study ancient, by the non- present age, is puzzled the chaotic Guizhou Province head. Prime Minister feudal official Si 昧死 word: Ancient world scattered in disorder, knows can one, is and does by the feudal lord, the language all said ancient harms now, plays the part of the lies chaotically by solid, the person is friendly privately its study, by non- on establishes. Now emperor and has the world, not black and white decides. Private study deals with illegally teaches, the person under heard makes, then respectively by its knowledge it, person then the heart must, the origin lane discusses, praises the host to think the name, different takes thinks high, leads under the group to make slanders. So not endures, then the host potential falls on. The party with becomes under. Endures then. The feudal official says official historian non- Qin Chichieh to burn it; The non- abundant officer duty, world dares to have the Tibet poem, the book, hundred languages, entirely visits to defend, 尉 mixed fever it. Has the feeling 偶語 poetry book to abandon the city. Disparaging the present by praising the past race. The government official is not known lifting and the same crime. Is not burnt next on 30th, 黥 for city day. Going to, the medicine divination does not plant trees the book. If wants to have the research method command. By ". System date: "May" "
Note seven: "Shihchi. Dong Zhongshu the biography "has recorded the Dong Zhongshu opinion: "Spring and Autumn Period universal, constant rule of the world, the ancient and modern passes the friendship. Now the teacher 異道, the person 異道, hundred 殊方, refers to Italy to be different. Is above perishes by holds a series; The legal system number changes, gets down did not know defends. The feudal official simplemindedly thought various not technique of branch of Kong Zi in the six arts, all 絕 it said, enable to advance together. Evilly wards off it to say reduces the rest, then the series discipline may one but the law be possible to be bright, the people know from."
Note eight: "Poetry", "Shangshu", "the Book of Changes", "Trough after", "Spring and Autumn Period", gathers is called "the Five Classics". "Ritual after" has included "Zhou rite", "儀禮" and "Ritual Records", "Spring and Autumn Period" has included "Spring and Autumn Period Annals of Zuo", "Spring and Autumn Period Gu the Liang Biography", "Spring and Autumn Period Ram Biography".
Note nine: "Confucian analects", "Mencius", "Ritual Records" in addition two: "The university" and "the doctrine of the mean", gathers calls "Four Books".
Note ten: "After the eight-part essay" is "the first leg of an eight-legged essay, receives the topic, the third section of an eight-legged essay, obtains, the stock, center the stock, the stock, ties the stock", is equal to the article introduction, elucidation, transposition, and summary.
Extends reading:
1. Tang Yinpi loses "Humanity And the Earth Mother" (Mankind and Mother Earth) - http://www.globrand.com/onlinebook/zhexue/humangd-gb/content.htm
2. ATV World Channel [all previous dynasties for many years: Usurps the world - Middle East discipline matter] (i.e National Geographic Live! Guns Germs & Steel) January 3, 10, 17, 2,006 (Every Tuesdays) at 22:00 – 23:003. ATV World Channel [ national geographic magazine - is indomitable spirit the Earth person ] (National Geographic: Last Man Standing: The Human Race) January 14, 2,006 at 22:00 – 23:00
[ Hong Kong's destiny ] entire book altogether million characters, the content is Mr. Xiao Jeyuan passes for dozens of years related history to Hong Kong, the culture, the philosophy, the economy, politics and so on all sorts of important matters intravenous drip mood... ...
Second civilization
In previous, I narrated the Chinese all previous dynasties prosperity and decline two big basic reasons: Bottleneck crisis and land annexation. This, I will use the macroscopic judgement, from the civilized rise and fall angle, will look at the large-scale humanity society group rise and fall the principle.
A month ago, I participated in the Chinese history seminar which conducts by the middle school teacher, the goal am opposed the Hong Kong special zone government planned abolishes the history, but and other subject merges. I had discovered a question, present Chinese history textbook, content too sad, everybody knew, I am thick to the Chinese history interest, but reads any present the center history textbook, simply cannot finish reading. The Chinese history originally is an extremely interesting subject, writes the so this interesting topic stuffy egg, the compiler really cans hardly absolve.
Moreover, center the history textbook content also by far falls behind the time. Like has nest, the subterranean person, Fu Hsi, Shen Nongshi, is only a fable, but the non- history, actually prints in the historical book, but the archaeology excavates the material, actually puts to is lacking. I on hand take a pound newly to arrange, the age am recording the publishing house publication "Newly organized Center National history. First Volume", the 17th page has such:
"..... Around then business rule area, had many was called "the side" the tribe, the north folk recipe and the Huaihe River basin 夷 the side, was the business formidable enemy, often seized the opportunity to invade.""The side" in the ancient times, was "the country" meaning. "The folk recipe" goes study is "the turkey", "夷 the side" is "夷 the country", but famous "clever side", then is the Chou Dynasty 玁 狁, later generations' Hsiungnu. Continually the such basic historical knowledge did not understand, also composes the history textbook, really is "teaches people bad things the children", degenerated to extremely!
In mine school days, the situation on present is not better than how many. According to at that time center history textbook, the Chinese is Peking man's evolution. Actually, the Peking man is 40 ten thousand year ago 原始人, is "stands erect the person" (homo erectus) a branch. But in 50 ten thousand years ago, humanity's ancestor "the wisdom person" (homo sapiens) already from "stood erect the person" the branch, therefore we 絕 to were not Peking man's later ages. (Note one)
My school days are Hong Kong British government rule, do not take the Chinese history education, are may understand, because of a nationality's national characteristic, are the foundation to its history, Hong Kong British government has not naturally preserved the Chinese nation the duty. But the present Hong Kong returned the motherland, the special zone government not only has published the errors and omissions full of center history textbook, but also planned in the cancellation the history took the independent subject, really was the number standard forgets the ancestor.
The human civilization truly emerges, is in ten thousand years ago, after the ice age just ended. Before this, the humanity depends on hunting/gathering for to live, but in ice age front and rear, large-scale mammalia animal for example mammoth, machairdus, dinornis..... Extinguishes one after another 絕, but hunt and kill the middle and small scale animal both not to be easy, obtained arrives meat quantity and few, caused the hunting to turn the cost to be high, the benefit low commercial motion, at that time Asia and Africa area weather, and further because the environment transformation changed the drought, this has created the significant crisis to then people.
English history master Tang Enpi (Arnold Toynbee) "Historical Research" (A Study of History) writes like this in his work:
"Under this situation, both does not transform occupies, and the invariable life style person, then because cannot" the challenge "make" the response "to the drought, only has perishes a way. Is not willing to change 更居, but transformed the life style person, namely transforms from the chaser for the raise livestock person, then becomes in the Asia and Africa prairie back the nomads, this book also discusses their achievement and the destiny. As for chose has changed 更居, but did not transform the life style person, also divided into two crowds, crowd along turned on lathe north the wind zone to move, avoided the drought, but unexpectedly encountered a new challenge ---- north seasonal characteristic severely cold challenge, this challenge has caused a new creative response, therefore certainly has not caused them to submit. Another group of people carry off to the south along the monsoon, avoids the drought, then as a result of comes under the tropical climate monotonous sad influence, but changes drowsily. Fifth kind of person, also is last the kind of person, in order to respond the drought the challenge, both migrates occupies, and transformed the life style, this kind of rare dual response, then is creates the Egyptian civilization and the Soviet Union and American civilization dynamic behavior, it causes the Egyptian civilization and the Soviet Union and American civilization, from about to vanishes in Asia and Africa prairie some primitive societies, blooming, enters the civilized society the course."
"These creative society group, change its life style, was thoroughly gives up pick the food and the hunting, but transformed the profession which ploughed for the agriculture. They occupy the place the transformation, by is away from says, is not actually far, but 苀 (□ Says by the nature, then the difference really has if defeats the purpose, because they give up sloppily, but enters the new natural environment, is engaged in the new life."
Above is Tang Enpi famous "the challenge and the response" the theory: Cannot effectively respond the objective environment the challenge nationality, only has extinguishes 絕. But in paleolithic period Asia and Africa area, nearly simultaneously has risen many civilizations, the Asia and Africa area drought is precisely an item "the challenge", but the civilized birth, is precisely to this "the challenge" "response".
The human civilization starts along with the agricultural appearance, because the agriculture has represented the large-scale society, protected the farming the crop ---- otherwise the crops to be able to snatch in front of the crop by the person the light ---- but the large-scale society to represent the division of labor, the division of labor enhanced the productive forces, caused part of people to obtain -odd free time, had -odd free time, then gradually developed the culture.
Humanity's first civilization, is precisely stems from is called "the fertile month is curved" (Fertile Crescent) two rivers basins. Two rivers, are the Tigris River (River Tigris) and young send pull the bottom river (River Euphrates), between two rivers fertile, is together "the fertile month is curved", in today Iraq and in Iran's border, 1991 Persian Gulf war, US's fighter plane has also destroyed many priceless historical site.
Before I always deeply believe to Tang Enpi view without doubt. Until recently, I looked at 戴蒙 (Jared Diamond) "Gun Artillery, Germ And Steel and iron" (Guns, Germs, and Steels:The Fates of Human Societies), regarding the human civilization in other place, "is not curved in the fertile month" rises, also had the new experience.
In in 8500, "the fertile month was probably curved" starts the agriculture to plough, this was develops the civilization first step. "Fertile month curved" land no doubt very fertile, but in world fertile place very many, US'S California, Australia's north west, the European north west, South Africa's Cape of Good Hope area, the paddies very are all lush, but actually very much for late only then develops the agriculture to plough the culture, Australia has not developed, wants the Caucasian to go to the immigration, only then brings the civilization. Tang Enpi gives credit to "the fertile month is curved" people's creation, 戴蒙 thought is the species different reason.
The development agriculture essential condition, is the crops which must have domesticates. The wild plant can eat originally are not many, must want to take the crops, must have the planter time to be short, harvest fruit many these merits. The people must first discover the gene mutation wild plant, bought the planter, can develop the agriculture.
Must domesticate the plant, extremely is not easy, dependence "reversion heredity". The humanity likes the plant which eats, very are many is in the natural genetics loser: The non-nuclear watermelon is cannot raise the later ages "the court eunuch". Paddy rice's pellet too big, then can fall into in the water rotten, but the humanity must plant the big pellet the paddy rice, only then has the economic efficiency, therefore, in big pellet paddy rice mature front, then uses the sickle "to shear it the standing grain to be blue", then does not have the corrupt risk of.
The gingko originally is the virulent seed. The non-toxic gingko is very easy to be passive eats the light, is the evolution loser. But the humanity intentionally plants the non-toxic gingko, supplies oneself edible, this should a western proverb: "劣幣 pursues the good coin." (Note two)
Because human massive planters gene not good "abnormal variety", further causes the variety to be separated from the original evolution path, for example Mi Homai pellet is cultivated more and more in a big way, because the economy is the highest principle which the plant domesticates.
On the Earth 20 ten thousand kind of wild plants, only some several thousand kinds may eat, may domesticate then have to several dozens kinds, perhaps but the world crops annual output all is comes from more than ten kind of plants, most universal barley and the wheat, is born from "the fertile month is curved".
"The fertile month curved" may supply plant's proportion which domesticates therefore is so high, the reason has four:
First, "the fertile month is curved" is the similar fertile soil area biggest, also meant has most different types the plant.
Second, "fertile month curved" climate changeable, each season, each year difference very are all big, this greatly has the help to plant's evolution, especially is helpful to a year fresh plant. Too is short as a result of a year fresh plant life cycle, therefore cannot the resources waste in on the multi- textile fibers trunk and branches, but produces 絕 the majority of nutritions the biggest seed. The human Chang Ch'ih grain and the legumes, all are the seed especially big plant, but plant's trunk and branches, then cannot edible.
Third, "fertile month curved" the terrain is changeable, from the surface lowest dead sea, to Teheran nearby the elevation 5,486 kilometers mountains, the different terrain has also accomplished the more different types plant.
Fourth, "the fertile month curved" the monoecism 自花傳粉 proportion is very high. If is not 自花傳粉, the untold hardships cultivate the variety, can with the wild plant pollen 混種, the next generation innate nature not be able to guarantee, thus front the merit abandons.
"The fertile month is curved" eight kind of crops which the first batch domesticates, all is 自花傳粉, including the wild species wheat, the macaroni wheat and the wheat."The fertile month is curved" besides luckily has many may supply to tame the edible plant, but also luckily has the large-scale mammalia animal which most may supply to tame.
Domesticates the animal to domesticate the plant to see is much more difficult than. The animal may train into the pet, actually with difficulty domesticates: After the training lion, may perform in the circus troupe, the ancient times Carthage person the elephant training, was allowed to take the war "the tank", the Mongolian raised the falcon, helped to go hunting..... But these animals, certainly cannot massively reproduce, because these by the training are the animal, each generation all must pass through retrains, the manpower cost is extremely high. But truly domesticates the animal, it domesticates the individuality may penetrate the heredity to inherit, now at last conforms with the economic efficiency.
Eugenics laying a foundation reaches you (Francis Galton 1822-1911) to say: "Each kind of wild animal all possibly turns the domestic animal, but can domesticate very few. Mostly on the difference 1., finally or has that been defeated, is doomed forever barbarically. This is precisely the landscape is easy to change, 本性難移." .
Domesticates the animal must conform to the cost benefit, the massive reproductions only then has the value. The below six conditions are the prerequisite factor:
1. Diet: The carnivore transforms the energy from the food chain the efficiency to be very low. Ten thousand kilograms corn, but is long a first metric ton herbivore; Ten thousand kilograms herbivores' meats, but is long a first metric ton carnivorous animal. In other words, a metric ton carnivorous animal, the cost needs ten ten thousand kilograms grain, is herbivore's ten times. The large-scale domestic animal either grazes, likes the cow, the picture sheep, either omnivorous, likes the pig, the picture chicken, the carnivorous animal cost benefit then too has lowered, 更不用說 the tailless bear, panda these sharp-tongued animals, raised them to be possible too to be luxurious.
2. Growth speed: The domestic animal is much longer, only then is worth raising. Gorilla and elephant although are a vegetarian, also not 挑嘴, on body meat many, but becomes long-term for 15 years, returns to this issue too slowly, also is "the discount rate" (discount rate) too high under, compares, chicken's meat although are few, but becomes for a long time so long as half year, the cost benefit then were much higher. But the people may not mind from goes hunting obtains carnivorous animal's meat, because "the game" the inborn day raises, does not need to raise the cost. Today the South China Peninsula people catch the wild elephant to work, because grasps the elephant comparison tames saves the cost.
3. Reproduction difficulty: Many animals and the humanity are same, does not like under 眾目睽睽 carrying on the sex act. The cheetah is on the land runs the quickest animal, the ancient Egyptian, Asia state the person and the Indians all likes the domestic cheetah, the helper which the achievement goes hunting, India has a Mongolian 兀 emperor especially to infatuated, even has raised over a thousand cheetahs. But their all cheetahs all are from wildly grasp tame. Although the nobility race concentrated the massive painstaking care, all cannot make these cheetahs to reproduce under the artificial environment, because the cheetah seeks a mate the process, is many male leopards pursues one by one a female, dashes on severalth, the female leopard must in the such boorish pursue process, only then be willing as if to be in heat, this had guaranteed runs quickly, the endurance most lasting cheetah, can obtain the copulation power, can preserve down its gene. In 獸欄 center, the cheetah resists 絕 the performance such complex pursue 戲碼, this causes to domesticate the cheetah to become is impossible, until in 1960, the biologist made first in the zoo birth cheetah, but still could not massively reproduce to at present.
4. 凶殘 becomes second nature: So long as the strength compared to the human big animal, can kill people. Pig, horse, cow, camel natural disposition 馴良, although nevertheless has had a murder document, but is in the exception exception. However, some large-scale animals 凶殘 became second nature, arrive have not had the situation which the medicine might rescue, has not tamed to the reliable degree example. The big ash bear, the African water buffalo, the hippopotamus all are a delicious group pork, but must then butcher in the childhood them, likes the Japanese Hokkaido 蝦夷 the person, after intelligently when the small ash bear turns a year old, slaughters supplies 祭典, if when they grow, must massacre by this fearful colossus may. After zebra grown-up, changes extremely dangerously, nipped the person not to be willing the loose mouth, they the injury which created in US'S zoo, the quantity also are more than every year the tiger! The zebra is impossible to the noose to belay, even if is the cowboy competes the champion, also will be unable 套索 the circle on their, they always first one, have hidden the grommet which will fly, will have to carry on the back the saddle set in the zebra rides rides, will be more impossible. South Africa for many years full of enthusiasm has done innumerably time has domesticated the zebra the experiment, the result all is the defeat receives easily.
5. Easy panic: The animal respectively has the difference regarding the dangerous response. "The fertile month is curved" the object which the local first attempt domesticates, should be 瞪 the antelope. 瞪 the antelope as soon as jumps may reach nine meter high, runs the speed may amount to each hour 80 kilometers; But is very easy to be startled, once closes 獸欄, if not for scares to death, is when hurriedly flees, hits 獸欄, the severe wound dies. To the contrary, the sheep and the goat responded slow, the nerve is thick, when faced with threat, stands in freezes, some large quantities of similar stations in neighbor, die not necessarily are oneself in any case.
6. Society group structure: Only has the social animal, for example the sheep and the horse, Fang Neng tolerates everybody to crowd in the same place, each other in the side life, only then may encircle enters the stockade to raise. Moreover, their gene instinct understood follows the leader, when not domesticates, also obeys the similar center social class highest leaders. After domesticates, then regards as the humanity the leader, is very easy to accept the herdsman or the herd dog's direction, only has such social animal, can by the extremely low cost, the way which to the quantity produces large quantities of raise.
And continues is the large-scale mammal only then has the possibility is the social biology, other types biology, for example the ant, its sociality even compares the humanity to come, also has no time to let.
Very many people misunderstand the ant and the termite are the identical kind of insects, actually otherwise. The termite is the isoptera insect, the similar cockroach's remote ancestor, the ant is 膜翅目 the biology, with the honeybee, the strip bee, the crabro, the ant bee, 蛛 the bee, 土蜂, 胡蜂, the thin bee has the identical ancestor.
The ant is one extremely successful living thing, the total quantity reaches as high as ten thousand trillions (10,000,000,000,000,000), the humanity has 60 hundred million people, two gross weights are similar, but all ants shop in the same place, sufficiently covers covers the entire Earth.
The ant not only has the sociality, but also understands raising livestock. They provide the protection to the ophid, and collects ophid's egg in own anthill □, after the ophid depends on the plant which slurps to wither, the ant can bring the ophid to another clump of plant. Ant "repayment", then is slurps the delightful juice which the ophid anus drops out, likes the dependent country. But the colored glaze ant not only raises livestock, or nomads. They raise the powder 蚧 to maintain livelihood, because the powder 蚧 likes the juice being rich newly sprouts the branches and leaves, therefore the colored glaze ant also must often move, "occupies by the water plant".
The ant also has the farmer. The leaf-cutter gathering fresh leaf, raises the fungus, likes the mushroom, 覃 group and so on, a little thing which mildewy long comes out like the bread, but they have a division of labor and cooperation the production line even to have the soldier ant which the matter does not produce, specially is responsible to fight, these soldier ants' bodies on worker ant are bigger than 300 times, the person for nip, also must bleed.
The ant even understood robs the slave. Like the red fierce mountain ant, did not understand digs the ant's nest, did not understand raises ability which the young insect, does not have voluntarily to look for food. But they are the first-class soldier, specially pounds into Shan I's nest, kills the defense armed force, kills any resistance the worker ant, snatches the cocoon, the cocoon, then rapidly retreats, goes home the spoils of war belt, hands over looks after by the grown-up slave ant. 夠 絕?
Thus it can be seen, raises the behavior which the biological humanity is in sole possession of by no means. In fact, the humanity to raises the animal the interest to be enormous, nearly attempts to domesticate each kind of animal, majority is defeated comes to an end.
The humanity most early domesticates the animal, is the dog, the humanity raises the dog, had surpasses a ten thousand years history. Dog's ancestor is the lang wolf, the leopard and the wolf is same, with belongs to the dog branch. The dog branch animal all is the social animal, likes the wolf, the entire race wolf group all "the male leader" (alpha male) and "the female leader" (alpha female) commands by a male mother, and is responsible by them to give birth, its social system has like humanity's chiefs to make.
The dog both is loyal to the humanity, and may assist to go hunting, reconnoiters and fights all is the good helper, eats then is only the remnant meat which the master eats remains, no wonder becomes the human first animal partner.
Until now, human only 馴良 14 kind of large-scale herbivores. The most popular five draft animalses are:
Goat, sheep, pig, cow, horse, but other nine kinds are: The Arabic camel (單峰駝), 雙峰駝, the llama and 羊駝 (stems from identical ancestor "to be wild 羊駝" -Guanaco), the donkey, the caribou, the water buffalo, 氂 the cow, the Bary cow, the Southeast Asia reactionary.
These 14 kind of large-scale herbivores, start in from 8000 to 2,500 midday to domesticate, first is the sheep, the goat, the pig, finally is the camel. But after 2500, the humanity already found the large-scale animal which was allowed to domesticate. In this stage, the humanity still in did not stop the attempt to domesticate each living thing, even in science developed 20th century also however, but from has not succeeded, obviously domesticated needs the large-scale animal which the condition severe, had to pursue may supply to domesticate to be difficult. But, the newest science and technology may rely on the transformation gene to domesticate the animal, but this already was the second story.
The humanity in about 3000 ago, was in 1500, started to domesticate the cat, but was not certainly successful. Although passed through 3500 domestication, but raises cat's people all to know that, The cat such does not obey like the dog, sometimes even can catch the wound master. Luckily the humanity domesticates the cat the goal by no means for the economic, has acted in a reprehensible manner edible or the transportation, but treats as the pet.
The humanity also has domesticated the chicken, the rabbit and so on small animal afterwards. Tao Yuanming "Turns over to Vegetable garden To occupy" the word: "The chicken calls the mulberry tree summit", might know then chicken is can fly, today chicken cannot fly, its variety had differently with the Wei Jin time chicken. Cannot fly the chicken natural ratio can fly the rushing current □. Easier to raise, not that is at least easy to fly away. The white rabbit is the variety which is later, the Song Dynasty profound scholar Sima light writes when "Capital Governs Passes 鑑" records the Tang Dynasty history, but also has "the white rabbit present" the sentence, might know at that time white rabbit's appearance, was still rare is worth in the history book record.
First states five draft animalses, besides the horse, "are all curved in the fertile month" first tame. Compares the Americas and Australia, the Eurasia is the area biggest mainland, therefore species also richest, but "the fertile month curved" is located the Eurasia the center east, is easier, western all animals swallows anything and everything uncritically. This □therefore becomes domesticates the zoology and botany the center, by no means accidental matter.
The domestic animal besides can swallow the belly, but also can help the cultivation and the transportation. Therefore, "the fertile month is curved" the inhabitant depends on has domesticated the zoology and botany, then can obtain the human most basic economical need: Carbohydrate, protein, fat, transportation and clothes. So-called "the food and clothing foot after that knows the honor or disgrace", "the fertile month is curved" the inhabitant by reason of the rich material life, develops the high spiritual civilization, becomes in the human history the first civilized country: "Soviet Union and American civilization" (Sumerian).(Notethree) has not domesticated the large-scale animal, the civilization is very difficult to develop. The opposite example is a South America, only some one kind may domesticate the big shape animal, is the hunchbacked horse, therefore, the South America civilization develops extremely late. Unfortunately Australia, one kind suitablly domesticates the large-scale animal all does not have, therefore Australia indigenous is detained for a long time in the hunting/gathering stage.
After Soviet Union and American civilization, in the history has appeared the innumerable civilizations, Tang Enpi its induction is one after another 21 kinds:
"In the civilized list, the idea receives size civilization 37 many, because the part too 支離 is only trivial, the part still at leaves undecided the stage, therefore we by 21 civilizations primarily, but not and other. Namely:
The western Christianity civilization, the Eastern Orthodoxy civilization, the Iranian civilization, the Arabic civilization (above the two gathers called Islam civilization), the Indian civilization, the far east civilization, the Greek civilization, the Syrian civilization, the India civilization, the China civilization, 米諾 the civilization, the Soviet Union and American civilization, Greece too civilized, the Babylon civilization, Egypt are civilized, the peaceful younger brother civilization, the Mexicancivilization, Yukic civilization, and 馬雅 the civilization, this is 19. However Babylon civilization
whether can separate with the Soviet Union and American civilization, still had suspiciously place. Also the Eastern Orthodoxy civilization, may divide into the Eastern Orthodoxy Byzantium civilization and the Eastern Orthodoxy Russia civilization, but far east civilization, also divides into the Chinese civilization and the date Han civilization, therefore altogether is 21 civilizations."
In these 21 kind of civilizations, 米諾, Soviet Union and America, Greece too, An Ti, Mexico, You K'at'an, Masurium Ya, Babylon, these nine kinds already perished, but today Syria, India, Greece, Egypt, almost all did not have the relations with the ancient times these four kind of civilizations, the ancient times Syria, India, Greece, Egypt, these four civilizations might be survive in name only.
Therefore, truly to today still could 夠 the existence, only have western Christianity, Eastern Orthodoxy, Iran, Arab, China, India, the far east, very few several kind of civilizations. These west people looked like in Tang Enpi that, Iran and Iraq may induce the Islam civilization, looked like in the Chinese, Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy are mostly the same except for minor differences, but the China civilization and has included China and the date, Han's far east civilization, also does not have the big distinction, therefore strictly said, the world only has now been left over Christianity, the Islam, Indian, the far east four big civilizations.
The civilization is and the creativity cannot separate. A place can 夠 develop the civilization, admires it little partial members' creativity, but the creativity and the people's thought multiplication is cannot separate.
Tang Enpi is writes like this in "Historical Research":
"Since the innate record, in the Greek history earliest stage, namely has had one kind of incisive contrast existence, that is the Greek world in the cultural unification, if in political establishing separately. We discovered that, the Greek world splits in politics for some sovereignty independent city-states, in the city-state citizen acknowledged they are a common cultural share, but this certainly cannot restrain their each other to have the war. Along with the time progress, between these city-states 鬩 war of the wall, changes extremely has destructiveness, finally causes the
civilization to fall into the pitiful destiny. But when the Greek world is just about to disintegrates, actually because the Roman Empire late comes political unification, but obtains the opportunity which pants for breath. This political unification although has brought the short peace and the order; Before but approaches in it, actually is first has a succession of "the fatal blow", finally all political might completely tilts, is only left over a victor -- Roman Empire. But when Rome founds Greece "the universal
country" (Universal State), Greek world actually already exhausted, degenerated is unable to withstand, is unable to hang various its universal empire is remote; Therefore Roman Empire collapse, also expressed the Greek civilization disintegration."
National creativity consumption, meaning its civilization trend dead end. When the lucky friend talks about the Roman Empire declining, thinks "the church and race's victory" (triumph Of the Church and barbarian). The Roman Empire after the Constantine big emperor's rule, Christianity as soon as alone teaches to be big, the church unified the Roman Empire □(□ People's thought, but unified the thought to suffocate the Roman people's creativity. Is insufferably arrogant the Roman Empire, also along with the A.D. five centuries initial period, many times is invaded by the Germanic race the looting, but dies in bed of old age. But after the entire piece Europe by a Christianity culture series, passes through approached 1000 the dark ages, until 14 centuries to 16, seven centuries Renaissance, the European rehad discovered the Greek culture, the science and esthetics only then had the unprecedented development, has established today west civilization.
In China, the situation also is almost. The Chinese creativity most abundant time, is the Spring and Autumn Period Warring States time. "The Zhuang-zi. World" said that, The alls of the various schools of thought no longer understood sage's truth, 世間 the thought already split, no longer had the consistent idea. (Note four)
But, the Chinese culture center, the most essence part, including the Confucian, said two thought, as well as to the history zeal, all are the time formings which splits in this section of thought. But when Martial emperor of Han dynasty rejects hundred, after alone reveres the Confucianist method, the entire Chinese nation's energy, all wastes above the Confucian classics which several assigns. I refers the four books and five classics not to have by no means the value, but is should not all put all mental abilities resources the research which ---- tosses about above them tosses about studies, then 喪失殆盡ours creativity. In after, the five hu's, the Qidan people, the Nuzhen person, the Mongolian, the Manchu (namely the Nuzhen person), successively invades and rules China. This plot and Roman Empire story how is similar!
The people therefore long for universally, is because of the fear war, thought universal may stop the war. The people therefore the hope unification thought, is because is afraid ideologically confused, thought formulates the thought "the model" (paradigm), then cannot again have struggles.
Hole graciousness (Thomas Kuhn) (TheStructure Of Scienitfic Revolution) proposed"the scientific model" in "Scientific revolution Structure " the theory: Each time, all needs a set "the model" the guiding ideology. Starts since the Greek time, the people have used Ali gentleman Dude "Physics" the achievement "the model", everybody is not did not know Ali gentleman Dude's physics theory many places are very absurd, but by people's state-of-art, sufficiently explained known world all things at that time with the Ali ten Dude's theory, also why from seeks the worry, overthrows his theory?
Until 17th century, the people discovered the Ali gentleman Dude's theory could not explain many astronomies phenomena, the stock phrases Kong En terminology, the science appeared "the model crisis", just now had Newton "the gravitation" the theory, solved this "the model crisis" also simultaneously to create another newly "the model". Similar truth, to 19th century last stages, Mai Si 威爾 (James Clerk Maxwell) electromagnetic force formula and before was preciser than much telescopes to cause the Newton theory to appear "the model crisis", thereupon, Einstein while left from time to time, has published "the theory of relativity", the creation new goods come into the market set of instructions worlds "model".
Has exposed, "the model" is one kind of inertia, the people likes the universal thought, is precisely because this kind of inertia does honors.
After continues the Spring and Autumn Period Warring States "hundred school of thought contends" the time to pass, Chin Shihhuang unifies six countries, has established in the Chinese history first unified dynasty. After had "unifies the empire", Chin Shihhuang is ambitious, also attempts the unification opinion, the establishment "the unified church".
Thereupon, Chin Shihhuang issues an order, the various countries' historical book all must entirely burn down, only leaves behind the Qin country record the history, the alls of the various schools of thought books, then only has "Chinese Academy of Science academicians" (note five) only then to collect, the folk collection also entirely burns down, also must condemn the death penalty including the discussion. The people only can have books and so on medicine, divine, planter fishing. (Note six)
The Han Dynasty substitutes for Qin Ch'ao the initial period, "hundred school of thought contends" the atmosphere has replied for section of short days. To the military emperor time, just when the Chinese empire "unified the empire" the peak, meek scientist Dong Zhongshu submitted a written statement the military emperor, pointed out a thought series, the people's side had complies with, the legal system only then had the uniformity. Wu Ti thought also makes sense, then issues an order "to reject hundred, alone reveres the Confucianist method". (Note seven)
"After alone reveres the Confucianist method", the scholar only has studies "the Five Classics" (note eight), only then has the future. "Five Classics" since were considered is "assigns the textbook", annotation "Five Classics" "the supplementary text" then has numerous number, this kind "the supplementary text", the general designation is "the note". Since is "the note", then cannot surmount "the Five Classics" original text. Although scope narrow, but you have you "the note", I have me "the note", he has him "the note", or created the thought to be greatly chaotic. To the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties time, the government has finally endured this kind to be greatly chaotic, stipulated uses the Eastern Han Dynasty after scientist Zheng Hsuan "the note", the achievement assigns "the supplementary text".
The government although had stipulated uses Zheng unreliably "the note" "Five Classics", but the afterwards person wanted to explain Zheng unreliable "note" "the Five Classics", these explanations were called "are sparse". Passes along with the time, "sparse" more and more many, more and more all kinds of, you have you "sparsely", I have me "sparsely", he has him "to be sparse", also creates ideologically confused. To the Emperor Taitsung of Tang time, has finally found out the solution question means: Dispatches "the Five Classics" expert Kong Yingda, "the note" and "is sparse" "the Five Classics" the predecessor institute, completely reorganizes a time, formulates "the Five Classics Justice", and "assigns the textbook" as the imperial civil service examination test, all must take a test the scholar which obtains the academic honor, must be familiar with Kong Yingda "the Five Classics Justice" not to be possible. Then, has further squeezed the thought scope.
To the Ming Dynasty, the ruler or had thought the people's thought too many, too diverse and confused, too has been chaotic, decided squeezes the thought scope the extreme, stipulated only to Zhu Xi pours "Four Books Selected sentences 集注" (note nine) to take the only classics. Why has to assign Zhu Xi "the explanatory notes and commentaries"? This no doubt is because Zhu Xi is a generation of big knowledge, but what is more important, Zhu Xi and Ming Dynasty emperor the share is "同宗", just like Tang Dynasty's emperor venerates the father, also is because everybody with is "Li" "同宗".
Moreover, according to "the test curriculum", the examinee only energy "a generation of sage commits the ideas to paper", cannot write own thought. Because last sage Mencius has died in 2000, the examinee then does not permit the quotation nearly 2000 the story, therefore some scholars even link Sima Qian are nobody know. Non- list "curriculum content", even the company takes a test form and introduction, elucidation, transposition, and summary, also left the strict stipulation very much, is "the eight-legged essay" (note ten).
Eight-legged essay most importantly first leg of an eight-legged essay: What is the first leg of an eight-legged essay?
Had the artificial eight-legged essay to set the game topic: "The month son curved illuminates the Nine Provinces, several happy several worry". The examinee "the first leg of an eight-legged essay" the topic best answer is: "Sun persevering, life different", actually is the topic meaning, writes a time again with other writing, completely is and guesses a riddle the same word game, completely does not have the thought value to be possible to say.
In addition, the Ming Dynasty had also stipulated "non- saint being unable executes, censures the sage race". Since criticizes the first big crime which the sage is decapitates confiscates family's property, thereupon, the entire China's ideological trend, all does not dare to have any exceed axle, only can lock in the convention, turns 刻版 the pattern, people's wisdom completely is unable to display. The freedom of speech is restrained, the culture with difficulty progresses, the reason is the majority people all receives the traditional train of thought to affect □□. Innovation and revolutionary thought when start, surely is the minority sound, must pass through some section of times dissemination explanation, Fang Huiwei the populace accept. But seeks the thought opinion to be unified, is to these sounds suppressions. If these sounds are not authorized the free publication, how can obtain the populace to approve finally by the acknowledgement is the truth?
Therefore, said to the entire nationality or the civilization, the suppression freedom of speech is one chronic suicide behavior, is utmost to national and the civilized creative injury. The Chinese has invented the compass, but only can take the Luo age, for "the geomancy man" 看風水, the western person academic society makes the compass, then serves as the navigation, caused Columbus to discover the new continent, Magellan transpacific. The Chinese has invented the gunpowder, but only serves as puts the fireworks, the western person uses for to make the shell, to quarry a mountain to divide 石鑿the tunnel. The Chinese culture trod this step, compared with the western culture, became after the distant collar in front of drops by far, travelled to the east after the imperialism comes, only had hands tied waits for death.
In the Qing Dynasty government's last stage, the Confucianist thought appeared "the model crisis", everybody knew must have set of new theories, substitutes for the inherent Confucianist thought. Since in 20th century upper halves, China has appeared the Spring and Autumn Period Warring States not to have "hundred school of thought contends" the aspect, but only is appears briefly. The communist party unified politics, simultaneously has suppressed the thought, only disseminates a set newly "the communist model".
The Communist Party of China "the is unified empire" which said since Tang Enpi, also is "the unified church". The Marxism actually similar religion, all is to one kind of thought or the ideal infinite worship, the same Marxism has very many different explanations, what is most famous is Lenin and 托洛斯基 different annotation, because Lenin is the Marxism "亞聖 Mencius", therefore also must use Lenin "the note" not to be possible. Because Stalin has defeated in the political struggle 托洛斯基, the communist party then uses Stalin "to be sparse". After the communism arrived China, the Mao Zedong annotation "the Leninism" and "the Stalin principle", is again is "the Mao Zedong Thought". In order to "the Mao Zedong Thought" will strive for perfection, will be sure need to achieve simply people's thought, is most consistent, then "the Mao Zedong Thought" the simplification will be small "the precious red book" "Wool Collected sayings".
Until in 1978, after Deng Xiaoping implemented "the reform, the opening", China only then presently left a vitality.
However arrived today, the Chinese -- even is part of Hong Kong people -- still likes the universal thought. Hong Kong government affairs Director Liang Aishih, when November 14 said in the lion meeting lecture that, "Reads the old clippings, sees 84 years society and its the care question is quite consistent, the newspapers quite are also consistent, were inferior to today sometimes saw the different newspapers the report, has like two completely different matters." Such thought, the person which likes the universal thought with 2,000 for many years, also has differently what?
The legitimate outside thought is suppressed, people's thought likes "is consistent", then has lost the multiplication which Liang Aishih says, also did not have the different opinion. "The Poetry. Crane Calls" said that, "The learning from others, may be wrong." Is precisely "the truth more debates clearly", has not all flowers bloomed together, hundred school of thought contends, the thought then cannot have the progress.
So-called "hundred school of thought contends", is the people's creativity performance. Place people have lost the creativity (lost of creativity), this city then can perish. The civilization once degenerates, may obliterate the intravenous drip 無存, returns primitively. The peninsula sent micro Masurium Hsinya in Americas You K'at'an the person already to develop the writing in 1700 ago, and has had many great constructions, but arrived the A.D. for ten centuries, the Masurium elegant civilization suddenly declined, has invaded the new continent to the European the time, Masurium Yajen the continually writing also forgets cleanly. The former days Cambodian empire composed 吳哥窟 the such great construction, now in east Guangdong stronghold, Cambodian culture where ah?
I detected that, the Hong Kong person was appearing the same shape trillion.
I just summarized each big humanity society group prosperity and decline general rule, also has analyzed a Chinese generation of generation the thought frame more and more tight process. But Hong Kong is a city, but a non- country or do the dynasty, actually start and the decline like the Hong Kong such city, whether is suitable the similar general rule?
The city prosperity and decline reason crisscrossed duplicate is difficult, 箇 center has the too many interactions relations, cannot isolate discusses. I will jump out this nest for the time being 臼, from the microscopic angle, observes this topic, and borrows the scientific experiment the method, all factors will include "the control group" (control group), but will list as "the experimental group" the sole factor (experimental group), then one by one "experimental group" the factor will withdraw, 11 will perform to analyze.
Note one: "The modern wisdom person" (homo sapiens) probably in ten ten thousand years ago, "the wisdom person" the branch comes out from Africa. (mitochrondrion) makes the gene analysis from the grain of line body, humanity's common ancestors should be a female, now the scientific circles called she is "Eve".
Note two: Grey joyful knight (sir Thomas Gresham. Approximately 1529~1579) is English London imperial family stock market 創辦人, once was appointed Edward six th and the Iraqi Li sand white th overseas finance agent. He thought if a place simultaneously circulates same level value the paper money and the noble metal currency, then the people favor the collection noble metal currency, the flower uses the paper money, therefore, "劣幣 pursues the good coin" (Bad money drives out good) to be called "the grey joyful principle" (Gresham's Law). Zhang Wuchang thought "the grey joyful principle" is not certainly correct, because although the people favor to the flower use 劣幣, but receiving money actually may resist 絕 to accept, persisted gathers the good coin. In the 80's China, "the good coin" the foreign exchange certificate success pursued "劣幣" the Renminbi, everywhere all accepts the foreign exchange certificate, is not willing to accept the Renminbi, has proven Zhang Wuchang's correctness.
Note three: In the Soviet Union and American civilization and the Egyptian fable first dynasty almost is the identical time, all is apart from now approximately in 6000, Babylon, Judea, Greek, Chinese various civilizations rising, wants these two big countries with long history to be later than many years.
Note four: "Zhuang-zi. World": "The worldwide chaos, the virtuous saint is unclear, the morals one, the world are not many one, observes 焉 by the self-respect. For example the informer nose mouth, all has clearly, cannot be interlinked. Still hundred numerous techniques also, all have manager, when has uses. Although, should not the agonic, gentleman of the tune also: Sentences America of the world, analyzes principle of the myriad things, observes the ancient entire, widowed can prepare America of to the world, calls accommodating of the gods. Therefore 內聖外王 road, 闇 but hundred bright, is strongly fragrant but does not send, person of the world respectively wants for it 焉 take from as a side. Sad husband! Hundred toward but not instead, must not gather! Scholar of the later generations, unfortunately not the every day place will be pure, cardinal principle of the ancient, the Taoist skill will be the day 下裂."
Note five: Qin Tai name is "the abundant officer", the citrus reticulata works as to Taiwan's Academia Sinica academician, or is US National Academy of Science academicians, is government's academic consultants.
Note six: "Shihchi. Chin Shihhuang this discipline ": "Prime Minister Li Si Jih: "Five emperors not duplicate, three generations do not raid, each governs, non- its is opposite, when variation. Now your majesty creates the great undertaking, constructs merit of the ten thousand th, the solid non- simpleminded Confucian knows. Also more the word is three generation of matters, He Tsufa? The different time feudal lord and the struggle, the thick move studies away from home. Under today has decided, the law leaves one, the common people manage a household then the strength farm worker, the gentleman studies the law to ward off endures. Now students Shi Chiner does not study ancient, by the non- present age, is puzzled the chaotic Guizhou Province head. Prime Minister feudal official Si 昧死 word: Ancient world scattered in disorder, knows can one, is and does by the feudal lord, the language all said ancient harms now, plays the part of the lies chaotically by solid, the person is friendly privately its study, by non- on establishes. Now emperor and has the world, not black and white decides. Private study deals with illegally teaches, the person under heard makes, then respectively by its knowledge it, person then the heart must, the origin lane discusses, praises the host to think the name, different takes thinks high, leads under the group to make slanders. So not endures, then the host potential falls on. The party with becomes under. Endures then. The feudal official says official historian non- Qin Chichieh to burn it; The non- abundant officer duty, world dares to have the Tibet poem, the book, hundred languages, entirely visits to defend, 尉 mixed fever it. Has the feeling 偶語 poetry book to abandon the city. Disparaging the present by praising the past race. The government official is not known lifting and the same crime. Is not burnt next on 30th, 黥 for city day. Going to, the medicine divination does not plant trees the book. If wants to have the research method command. By ". System date: "May" "
Note seven: "Shihchi. Dong Zhongshu the biography "has recorded the Dong Zhongshu opinion: "Spring and Autumn Period universal, constant rule of the world, the ancient and modern passes the friendship. Now the teacher 異道, the person 異道, hundred 殊方, refers to Italy to be different. Is above perishes by holds a series; The legal system number changes, gets down did not know defends. The feudal official simplemindedly thought various not technique of branch of Kong Zi in the six arts, all 絕 it said, enable to advance together. Evilly wards off it to say reduces the rest, then the series discipline may one but the law be possible to be bright, the people know from."
Note eight: "Poetry", "Shangshu", "the Book of Changes", "Trough after", "Spring and Autumn Period", gathers is called "the Five Classics". "Ritual after" has included "Zhou rite", "儀禮" and "Ritual Records", "Spring and Autumn Period" has included "Spring and Autumn Period Annals of Zuo", "Spring and Autumn Period Gu the Liang Biography", "Spring and Autumn Period Ram Biography".
Note nine: "Confucian analects", "Mencius", "Ritual Records" in addition two: "The university" and "the doctrine of the mean", gathers calls "Four Books".
Note ten: "After the eight-part essay" is "the first leg of an eight-legged essay, receives the topic, the third section of an eight-legged essay, obtains, the stock, center the stock, the stock, ties the stock", is equal to the article introduction, elucidation, transposition, and summary.
Extends reading:
1. Tang Yinpi loses "Humanity And the Earth Mother" (Mankind and Mother Earth) - http://www.globrand.com/onlinebook/zhexue/humangd-gb/content.htm
2. ATV World Channel [all previous dynasties for many years: Usurps the world - Middle East discipline matter] (i.e National Geographic Live! Guns Germs & Steel) January 3, 10, 17, 2,006 (Every Tuesdays) at 22:00 – 23:003. ATV World Channel [ national geographic magazine - is indomitable spirit the Earth person ] (National Geographic: Last Man Standing: The Human Race) January 14, 2,006 at 22:00 – 23:00
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